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People of the Revolutionary War | Patriots of the American Revolution | Benjamin Franklin |
Last Will and Testament
Last Will and Testament
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I, Benjamin Franklin, of Philadelphia, printer, late Minister Plenipotentiary
from the United States of America to the Court of France, now President of the State of Pennsylvania, do make and
declare my last will and testament as follows:
To my son, William Franklin, late Governor of the Jerseys, I give and devise all the lands I hold or have a right
to, in the province of Nova Scotia, to hold to him, his heirs, and assigns forever. I also give to him all my
books and papers, which he has in his possession, and all debts standing against him on my account books, willing
that no payment for, nor restitution of, the same be required of him, by my executors. The part he acted against
me in the late war, which is of public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more of an estate he
endeavoured to deprive me of.
Having since my return from France demolished the three houses in Market Street, between Third and Fourth Streets,
fronting my dwelling-house, and erected two new and larger ones on the ground, and having also erected another
house on the lot which formerly was the passage to my dwelling, and also a printing-office between my dwelling
and the front houses; now I do give and devise my said dwelling-house, wherein I now live, my said three new
houses, my printing- office and the lots of ground thereto belonging; also my small lot and house in Sixth
Street, which I bought of the widow Henmarsh; also my pasture-ground which I have in Hickory Lane, with the
buildings thereon; also my house and lot on the North side of Market Street, now occupied by Mary Jacobs,
together with two houses and lots behind the same, and fronting on Pewter-Platter Alley; also my lot of
ground in Arch Street, opposite the church-burying ground, with the buildings thereon erected; also all my
silver plate, pictures, and household goods, of every kind, now in my said dwelling-place, to my daughter,
Sarah Bache, and to her husband, Richard Bache, to hold to them for
and during their natural lives, and the life of the longest liver of them, and from and after the decease
of the survivor of them, I do give, devise, and bequeath to all children already born, or to be born of my
said daughter, and to their heirs and assigns forever, as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants.
And, if any or either of them shall happen to die under age, and without issue, the part and share of him, her,
or them, so dying, shall go to and be equally divided among the survivors or survivor of them. But my intention
is, that, if any or either of them should happen to die under age, leaving issue, such issue shall inherit the
part and share that would have passed to his, her, or their parent, had he, she, or they been living.
And, as some of my said devisees may, at the death of the survivor of their father or mother, be of age, and
others of them under age, so as that all of them may not be of capacity to make division, I in that case request
and authorize the judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature of Pennsylvania for the time being, or any three of
them, not personally interested, to appoint by writing, under their hands and seals, three honest, intelligent,
impartial men to make the said division, and to assign and allot to each of my devisees their respective share,
which division, so made and committed to writing under the hands and seals of the said three men, or any two of
them, and confirmed by the said judges, I do hereby declare shall be binding on, and conclusive between the said
devisees.
All the lands near the Ohio, and the lots near the centre of Philadelphia, which I lately purchased of the
State, I give to my son-in-law, Richard Bache, his heirs and assigns forever; I also give him the bond I have
against him, of two thousand and one hundred and seventy-two pounds, five shillings, together with the interest
that shall or may accrue thereon, and direct the same to be delivered up to him by my executors, canceled,
requesting that, in consideration thereof, he would immediately after my decease manumit and set free his Negro
man Bob. I leave to him, also, the money due to me from the State of Virginia for types. I also give to him the
bond of William Goddard and his sister, and the counter bond of the late Robert Grace, and the bond and judgment
of Francis Childs, if not recovered before my decease, or any other bonds, except the bond due from ----- Killian,
of Delaware State, which I give to my grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache. I also discharge him, my said son-in-law,
from all claim and rent of moneys due to me, on book account or otherwise. I also give him all my musical instruments.
The king of France's picture, set with four hundred and eight diamonds, I give to my daughter, Sarah Bache,
requesting , however, that she would not form any of those diamonds into ornaments either for herself or daughters,
and thereby introduce or countenance the expensive, vain, and useless fashion of wearing jewels in this country; and
those immediately connected with the picture may be preserved with the same.
I give and devise to my dear sister, Jane Mecom, a house and lot I have in Unity Street, Boston, nor or late under
the care of Mr. Jonathan Williams, to her and to her heirs and assigns for ever. I also give her the yearly sum of
fifty pounds sterling, during life, to commence at my death, and to be paid to her annually out of the interests or
dividends arising on twelve shares which I have since my arrival at Philadelphia purchased in the Bank of North America,
and, at her decease, I give the said twelve shares in the bank to my daughter, Sarah Bache, and her husband, Richard
Bache. But it is my express will and desire that, after the payment of the above fifty pounds sterling annually to
my said sister, my said daughter be allowed to apply the residue of the interest or dividends on those shares to her
sole and separate use, during the life of my said sister, and afterwards the whole of the interest or dividends
thereof as her private pocket money.
I give the right I have to take up to three thousand acres of land in the State of Georgia, granted to me by the
government of that State, to my grandson, William Temple Franklin, his heirs and assigns forever. I also give to
my grandson, William Temple Franklin, the bond and judgment I have against him of four thousand pounds sterling,
my right to the same to cease upon the day of his marriage; and if he dies unmarried, my will is, that the same
be recovered and divided among my other grandchildren, the children of my daughter, Sarah Bache, in such manner
and form as I have herein before given to them the other parts of my estate.
The philosophical instruments I have in Philadelphia I give to my ingenious friend, Francis Hopkinson.
To the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of my brother, Samuel Franklin, that may be living at
the time of my decease, I give fifty pounds sterling, to be equally divided among them. To the children,
grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of my sister, Anne Harris, that may be living at the time of my decease,
I give fifty pounds sterling to be equally divided among them. To the children, grandchildren, and
great-grandchildren of my brother James Franklin, that may be living at the time of my decease, I give fifty
pounds sterling to be equally divided among them. To the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren
of my sister, Sarah Davenport, that may be living at the time of my decease, I give fifty pounds sterling to
be equally divided among them. To the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of my sister, Lydia
Scott, that may be living at the time of my decease, I give fifty pounds sterling to be equally divided
among them. To the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of my sister, Jane Mecom, that may be
living at the time of my decease, I give fifty pounds sterling to be equally divided among them.
I give to my grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache, all the types and printing materials, which I now have in
Philadelphia, with the complete letter foundry, which, in the whole, I suppose to be worth near one thousand
pounds; but if he should die under age, then I do order the same to be sold by my executors, the survivors
or survivor of them, and the moneys be equally divided among all the rest of my said daughter's children,
or their representatives, each one on coming of age to take his or her share, and the children of such of
them as may die under age to represent and to take the share and proportion of, the parent so dying, each
one to receive his or her part of such share as they come of age.
With regard to my books, those I had in France and those I left in Philadelphia, being now assembled together
here, and a catalogue made of them, it is my intention to dispose of them as follows: My "History of
the Academy of Sciences," in sixty or seventy volumes quarto, I give to the Philosophical Society of
Philadelphia, of which I have the honour to be President. My collection in folio of "Les Arts et les
Metiers," I give to the American Philosophical Society, established in New England, of which I am a
member. My quarto edition of the same, "Arts et Metiers," I give to the Library Company of
Philadelphia. Such and so many of my books as I shall mark on my said catalogue with the name of my grandson,
Benjamin Franklin Bache, I do hereby give to him; and such and so many of my books as I shall mark on the
said catalogue with the name of my grandson, William Bache, I do hereby give to him; and such as shall be
marked with the name of Jonathan Williams, I hereby give to my cousin of that name. The residue and remainder
of all my books, manuscripts, and papers, I do give to my grandson, William Temple Franklin. My share in the
Library Company of Philadelphia, I give to my grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache, confiding that he will
permit his brothers and sisters to share in the use of it.
I was born in Boston, New England, and owe my first instructions in literature to the free grammar schools
established there. I therefore give one hundred pounds sterling to my executors, to be by them, the
survivors or survivor of them, paid over to the managers or directors of the free schools in my native town
of Boston, to be by them, or by those person or persons, who shall have the superintendance and management
of the said schools, put out to interest, and so continued at interest forever, which interest annually shall
be laid out in silver medals, and given as honorary rewards annually by the directors of the said free schools
belonging to the said town, in such manner as to the discretion of the selectmen of the said town shall seem
meet.
Out of the salary that may remain due to me as President of the State, I do give the sum of two thousand
pounds sterling to my executors, to be by them, the survivors or survivor of them, paid over to such person
or persons as the legislature of this State by an act of Assembly shall appoint to receive the same in trust,
to be employed for making the river Schuylkill navigable.
And what money of mine shall, at the time of my decease, remain in the hands of my bankers, Messrs. Ferdinand
Grand and Son, at Paris, or Messrs. Smith, Wright, and Gray, of London, I will that, after my debts are paid
and deducted, with the money legacies of this my will, the same be divided into four equal parts, two of which
I give to my dear daughter, Sarah Bache, one to her son Benjamin, and one to my grandson, William Temple Franklin.
During the number of years I was in business as a stationer, printer, and postmaster, a great many small sums
became due for books, advertisements, postage of letters, and other matters, which were not collected when,
in 1757, I was sent by the Assembly to England as their agent, and by subsequent appointments continued there
till 1775, when on my return, I was immediately engaged in the affairs of Congress, and sent to France in 1776,
where I remained nine years, not returning till 1785, and the said debts, not being demanded in such a length
of time, are become in a manner obsolete, yet are nevertheless justly due. These, as they are stated in my
great folio ledger E, I bequeath to the contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, hoping that those debtors,
and the descendants of such as are deceased, who now, as I find, make some difficulty of satisfying such
antiquated demands as just debts, may, however, be induced to pay or give them as charity to that excellent
institution. I am sensible that much must inevitably be lost, but I hope something considerable may be recovered.
It is possible, too, that some of the parties charged may have existing old, unsettled accounts against me; in
which case the managers of the said hospital will allow and deduct the amount, or pay the balance if they find
it against me.
My debts and legacies being all satisfied and paid, the rest and residue of all my estate, real and personal,
not herein expressly disposed of, I do give and bequeath to my son and daughter, Richard and Sarah Bache.
I request my friends, Henry Hill, Esquire, John Jay, Esquire, Francis Hopkinson, Esquire, and Mr. Edward
Duffield, of Benfield, in Philadelphia County, to be the executors of this my last will and testament; and
I hereby nominate and appoint them for that purpose.
I would have my body buried with as little expense or ceremony as may be. I revoke all former wills by me
made, declaring this only to be my last.
In witness thereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this seventeenth day of July, in the year of our
Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight.
B. Franklin
Signed, sealed, published, and declared by the above named Benjamin Franklin, for and as his last will and
testament, in the presence of us.
Abraham Shoemaker, John Jones, George Moore.
CODICIL
I, Benjamin Franklin, in the foregoing or annexed last will and testament named, having further considered
the same, do think proper to make and publish the following codicil or addition thereto.
It having long been a fixed political opinion of mine, that in a democratical state there ought to be no
offices of profit, for the reasons I had given in an article of my drawing in our constitution, it was my
intention when I accepted the office of President, to devote the appointed salary to some public uses.
Accordingly, I had already, before I made my will in July last, given large sums of it to colleges, schools,
building of churches, etc.; and in that will I bequeathed two thousand pounds more to the State for the
purpose of making the Schuylkill navigable. But understanding since that such a work, and that the project
is not likely to be undertaken for many years to come, and having entertained another idea, that I hope may
be more extensively useful, I do hereby revoke and annul that bequest, and direct that the certificates I
have for what remains due to me of that salary be sold, towards raising the sum of two thousand pounds sterling,
to be disposed of as I am now about to order.
It has been an opinion, that he who receives an estate from his ancestors is under some kind of obligation to
transmit the same to their posterity. This obligation does not lie on me, who never inherited a shilling from
any ancestor or relation. I shall, however, if it is not diminished by some accident before my death, leave
a considerable estate among my descendants and relations. The above observation is made as merely as some
apology to my family for making bequests that do not appear to have any immediate relation to their advantage.
I was born in Boston, New England, and owe my first instructions in literature to the free grammar schools
established there. I have, therefore, already considered these schools in my will. But I am also under
obligations to the State of Massachusetts for having, unasked, appointed me formerly their agent in England,
with a handsome salary, which continued some years; and although I accidentally lost in their service, by
transmitting Governor Hutchinson's letters, much
more that the amount of what they gave me, I do not think that ought in the least to diminish my gratitude.
I have considered that, among artisans, good apprentices are most likely to make good citizens, and, having
myself been bred to a manual art, printing, in my native town, and afterwards assisted to set up my business
in Philadelphia by kind loans of money from two friends there, which was the foundation of my fortune, and
all the utility in life that may be ascribed to me, I wish to be useful even after my death, if possible, in
forming and advancing other young men, that may be serviceable to their country in both these towns. To this
end, I devote two thousand pounds sterling, of which I give one thousand thereof to the inhabitants of the
town of Boston, in Massachusetts, and the other thousand to the inhabitants of the city of Philadelphia, in
trust, to and for the uses, intents, and purposes herein after mentioned and declared.
The said sum of one thousand pounds sterling, if accepted by the inhabitants of the town of Boston, shall be
managed under the direction of the selectmen, united with the ministers of the oldest Episcopalians,
Congregational, and Presbyterian churches in that town, who are to let out the sum upon interest, at five
per cent, per annum, to such young married artificers, under the age of twenty-five years, as have served
an apprenticeship in the said town, and faithfully fulfilled the duties required in their indentures, so
as to obtain a good moral character from at least two respectable citizens, who are willing to become their
sureties, in a bond with the applicants, for the repayment of the moneys so lent, with interest, according
to the terms hereinafter prescribed; all which bonds are to be taken for Spanish milled dollars, or the value
thereof in current gold coin; and the managers shall keep a bound book or books, wherein shall be entered
the names of those who shall apply for and receive the benefits of this institution, and of their sureties,
together with the sums lent, the dates, and other necessary and proper records respecting the business and
concerns of this institution. And as these loans are intended to assist young married artificers in setting
up their business, they are to be proportioned by the discretion of the managers, so as not to exceed sixty
pounds sterling to one person, nor to be less than fifteen pounds; and if the number of appliers so entitled
should be so large as that the sum will not suffice to afford to each as much as might otherwise not be
improper, the proportion to each shall be diminished so as to afford to every one some assistance. These
aids may, therefore, be small at first, but, as the capital increases by the accumulated interest, they
will be more ample. And in order to serve as many as possible in their turn, as well as to make the
repayment of the principal borrowed more easy, each borrower shall be obliged to pay, with the yearly
interest, one tenth part of the principal and interest, so paid in, shall be again let out to fresh
borrowers.
And, as it is presumed that there will always be found in Boston virtuous and benevolent citizens, willing
to bestow a part of their time in doing good to the rising generation, by superintending and managing this
institution gratis, it is hoped that no part of the money will at any time be dead, or be diverted to other
purposes, but be continually augmenting by the interest; in which case there may, in time, be more that the
occasions in Boston shall require, and then some may be spared to the neighbouring or other towns in the said
State of Massachusetts, who may desire to have it; such towns engaging to pay punctually the interest and
the portions of the principal, annually, to the inhabitants of the town of Boston.
If this plan is executed, and succeeds as projected without interruption for one hundred years, the sum will
then be one hundred and thirty-one thousand pounds; of which I would have the managers of the donation to
the town of Boston then lay out, at their discretion, one hundred thousand pounds in public works, which
may be judged of most general utility to the inhabitants, such as fortifications, bridges, aqueducts,
public buildings, baths, pavements, or whatever may make living in the town more convenient to its people,
and render it more agreeable to strangers resorting thither for health or a temporary residence. The
remaining thirty-one thousand pounds I would have continued to be let out on interest, in the manner
above directed, for another hundred years, as I hope it will have been found that the institution has
had a good effect on the conduct of youth, and been of service to many worthy characters and useful
citizens. At the end of this second term, if no unfortunate accident has prevented the operation, the
sum will be four millions and sixty one thousand pounds sterling, of which I leave one million sixty
one thousand pounds to the disposition of the inhabitants of the town of Boston, and three millions
to the disposition of the government of the state, not presuming to carry my views farther.
All the directions herein given, respecting the disposition and management of the donation to the inhabitants
of Boston, I would have observed respecting that to the inhabitants of Philadelphia, only, as Philadelphia
is incorporated, I request the corporation of that city to undertake the management agreeably to the said
directions; and I do hereby vest them with full and ample powers for that purpose. And, having considered
that the covering a ground plot with buildings and pavements, which carry off most of the rain and prevent
its soaking into the Earth and renewing and purifying the Springs, whence the water of wells must gradually
grow worse, and in time be unfit for use, as I find has happened in all old cities, I recommend that at the
end of the first hundred years, if not done before, the corporation of the city Employ a part of the
hundred thousand pounds in bringing, by pipes, the water of Wissahickon Creek into the town, so as to
supply the inhabitants, which I apprehend may be done without great difficulty, the level of the creek
being much above that of the city, and may be made higher by a dam. I also recommend making the Schuylkill
completely navigable. At the end of the second hundred years, I would have the disposition of the four
million and sixty one thousand pounds divided between the inhabitants of the city of Philadelphia and the
government of Pennsylvania, in the same manner as herein directed with respect to that of the inhabitants
of Boston and the government of Massachusetts.
It is my desire that this institution should take place and begin to operate within one year after my
decease, for which purpose due notice should be publickly given previous to the expiration of that year,
that those for whose benefit this establishment is intended may make their respective applications. And I
hereby direct my executors, the survivors or survivor of them, within six months after my decease, to pay
over the sum of two thousand pounds sterling to such persons as shall be duly appointed by the Selectmen
of Boston and the corporation of Philadelphia, to receive and take charge of their respective sums, of
one thousand pounds each, for the purposes aforesaid.
Considering the accidents to which all human affairs and projects are subject in such a length of time,
I have, perhaps, too much flattered myself with a vain fancy that these dispositions, if carried into
execution, will be continued without interruption and have the effects proposed. I hope, however, that
is the inhabitants of the two cities should not think fit to undertake the execution, they will, at
least, accept the offer of these donations as a mark of my good will, a token of my gratitude, and a
testimony of my earnest desire to be useful to them after my departure.
I wish, indeed, that they may both undertake to endeavour the execution of the project, because I think
that, though unforeseen difficulties may arise, expedients will be found to remove them, and the scheme
be found practicable. If one of them accepts the money, with the conditions, and the other refuses, my
will then is, that both Sums be given to the inhabitants of the city accepting the whole, to be applied
to the same purposes, and under the same regulations directed for the separate parts; and, if both refuse,
the money of course remains in the mass of my Estate, and is to be disposed of therewith according to my
will made the Seventeenth day of July, 1788.
I wish to be buried by the side of my wife, if it may be, and that a marble stone, to be made by Chambers,
six feet long, four feet wide, plain, with only a small moulding round the upper edge, and this inscription:
Benjamin And Deborah Franklin 178-
to be placed over us both. My fine crab-tree walking stick, with a gold head curiously wrought in the form
of the cap of liberty, I give to my friend, and the friend of mankind, General Washington. If it were a
Sceptre, he has merited it, and would become it. It was a present to me from that excellent woman, Madame
de Forbach, the dowager Duchess of Deux-Ponts, connected with some verses which should go with it. I give
my gold watch to my son-in-law Richard Bache, and also the gold watch chain of the Thirteen United States,
which I have not yet worn. My timepiece, that stands in my library, I give to my grandson, William Temple
Franklin. I give him also my Chinese gong. To my dear old friend, Mrs. Mary Hewson, I give one of my
silver tankards marked for her use during her life, and after her decease I give it to her daughter Eliza.
I give to her son, William Hewson, who is my godson, my new quarto Bible, and also the botanic description
of the plants in the Emperor's garden at Vienna, in folio, with coloured cuts.
And to her son, Thomas Hewson, I give a set of "Spectators, Tattlers, and Guardians" handsomely bound.
There is an error in my will, where the bond of William Temple Franklin is mentioned as being four thousand
pounds sterling, whereas it is but for three thousand five hundred pounds.
I give to my executors, to be divided equally among those that act, the sum of sixty pounds sterling, as
some compensation for their trouble in the execution of my will; and I request my friend, Mr. Duffield,
to accept moreover my French wayweiser, a piece of clockwork in Brass, to be fixed to the wheel of any
carriage; and that my friend, Mr. Hill, may also accept my silver cream pot, formerly given to me by the
good Doctor Fothergill, with the motto, Keep bright the Chain. My reflecting telescope, made by Short,
which was formerly Mr. Canton's, I give to my friend, Mr. David Rittenhouse, for the use of his observatory.
My picture, drawn by Martin, in 1767, I give to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, if they
shall be pleased to do me the honour of accepting it and placing it in their chamber. Since my will was
made I have bought some more city lots, near the centre part of the estate of Joseph Dean. I would have
them go with the other lots, disposed of in my will, and I do give the same to my Son-in-law, Richard
Bache, to his heirs and assigns forever.
In addition to the annuity left to my sister in my will, of fifty pounds sterling during her life, I now
add thereto ten pounds sterling more, in order to make the Sum sixty pounds. I give twenty guineas to my
good friend and physician, Dr. John Jones.
With regard to the separate bequests made to my daughter Sarah in my will, my intention is, that the same
shall be for her sole and separate use, notwithstanding her coverture, or whether she be covert or sole;
and I do give my executors so much right and power therein as may be necessary to render my intention
effectual in that respect only. This provision for my daughter is not made out of any disrespect I have
for her husband.
And lastly, it is my desire that this, my present codicil, be annexed to, and considered as part of, my
last will and testament to all intents and purposes.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and Seal this twenty-third day of June, Anno Domini one
thousand Seven hundred and eighty nine.
B. Franklin.
Signed, sealed, published, and declared by the above named Benjamin Franklin to be a codicil to his last
will and testament, in the presence of us.
Francis Bailey, Thomas Lang, Abraham Shoemaker.
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